Castellón Alto

Between 2200 BC and 1550 BC, the Argaric roamed the southeast of the Iberian peninsula, from Granada to Alicante and from Almeria to Ciudad Real. About 1900 BC the Argaric built a fortified settlement near the village of Galera in Granada’s Altiplano region. It became known as Castellón Alto.

Each inhabitant’s position in the social structure was determined by which terrace they lived on.

Crowning the settlement is where the leaders had their homes. A total of nine graves, all cyst burials beneath the dwellings, have been found compared to a total of 130 tombs.

One of the high status tombs contained a bowl, a jar, a halberd (a two-handed pole weapon) and a short copper sword. The Argaric people of Castellón Alto denuded the valley sides of trees for fuel and building. This is likely the reason for it being abandoned after only 300 years.

Mosaic returned to Pompeii

An ancient mosaic, stolen by a Nazi officer during World War II, has been returned to Pompeii. The piece was stolen from the Roman ruins by a German Wehrmacht captain stationed in Italy. It later resurfaced in Germany as part of a private estate. Relatives, aware of its origins, contacted Italy’s Carabinieri art protection unit to return it. Experts at the Pompeii archaeological park believe the artifact likely came from a private home, though its exact original location remains unclear.

The Crondall Hoard

The Crondall Hoard was found in 1828 in a field in Crondall, England.

Anglo-Saxons began striking coins in what was to become England around 600 CE. Early coins consisted almost entirely of the small gold coins known as 'thrymsas', which were struck in imitation of the Merovingian tremissis. Fewer than 400 thrymsas are known, and 73 of these came from the Crondall Hoard. The Hoard dates to no earlier than about 620 and no later than about 650.

The 73 thrymsas show little sign of circulation, indicating that coin production was limited.

Circa 620-635. AV Thrymsa. Kent and Essex, Eadbald (616-640). Obverse: Diademed, draped bust right; trident cross. Reverse: Latin cross on a globe within a pelleted inner circle.

The most important Crondall coin is the Eadbald thrymsa. It is the earliest known coin to name an English king; 50 years would pass before another coin naming an English king would appear. The Crondall Hoard contained one example.

Twenty-one of the 73 thrymsas in the Hoard are of the “Witmen Monita” type.

The extreme rarity of Crondall Type coins makes them very pricey for collectors. Most reside in museums.

Ancient gold coins found in Jerusalem's Old City

In late 2020 Israeli archeologists discovered four gold coins in Jerusalem's Old City that were minted from the 940s to the 970s, a period of radical political change. During that period, the ruling Sunni Abbasid caliphate, headquartered in Baghdad, lost control of Jerusalem to its rival, the Shiite Fatimid dynasty of North Africa. The Israel Antiquities Authority said the coins were unearthed during excavation work near the Western Wall, which is the holiest site where Jews can pray. The find marks the first time in over fifty years that a gold cache from the Fatimid period has been discovered in Jerusalem's Old City.

Crusader-era gold found off coast in Northern Israel

The coins are gold florins, minted in Florence, Italy, starting in 1252. The ship must have sailed in the last half of the 13th century.

In 2017 30 gold coins were found amid the remains of a Crusader-era shipwreck discovered off the coast of Acre in northern Israel. The city of Acre is on Israel’s Mediterranean coast, north of Haifa. In the 13th century it was one of the most important strongholds left to European Crusaders in the Holy Land. Archaeologists dated the shipwreck's wood to 1250 A.D. But the gold coins showed that the ship likely sailed later than that.

Crusader Fortress : Old City of Acre – Northern Israel

At the siege of Acre, as Christian citizens made a desperate attempt to flee the city, the knights made their doomed last stand. The Mamluks of Egyptian sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil dug tunnels and the castle’s foundation collapsed, burying the doomed Templars. The sultan’s flag soon flew over Acre, and the Egyptian forces systematically dismantled the Crusader city, leaving its seaport in ruin.

Ancient gold of royal Haihunhou cemetery

Archaeologists digging in the royal Haihunhou cemetery in Nanchang City in eastern China in 2016 unearthed gold coins, gold sheets, gold ingots, and other relics from the Han Dynasty. It is believed to be the tomb of Liu He, grandson of Emperor Wu and the Marquis of Haihun. He was installed as emperor in 74 BC but was deposed after only 27 days as emperor.

The Western Han Dynasty (202 B.C.-25 A.D.) tomb is one of the few imperial tombs not to be looted. In addition to the gold coins, hoof-shaped gold ingots, jade pendants and 2,000-year-old goose-shaped bronze lamps were also found. Finds include 20 thin gold sheets.

The site covers more than 43,000 sq ft. Liu He was the first Haihunhou, or marquis of Haihun State, a small kingdom in the north Jiangxi Province. The cemetery has been explored since 2011. More than 10,000 items have been discovered, with 110 of the items put on exhibition at the Jiangxi Provincial Museum in Nanchang.

When Prince He's uncle Emperor Zhao died in 74 BC without a son, the regent Huo Guang rejected Liu Xu, the Prince of Guangling and the only surviving son of Emperor Wu, from the succession. He turned to Prince He, who was Emperor Wu's grandson. The remains of Liu were found in a coffin in the interior chamber of the main tomb and removed in January 2016 for further research.

Turtle-shaped jade stamp

The Athenian Owl Tetradrachm

The Athenian Owl tetradrachm was minted for over 400 years, beginning around 512 B.C.

Following the city’s defeat of the Persians at the Battle of Marathon in 490 B.C., Athens entered a period where it was the principal city of the Greek world. Athens controlled the nearby Laurium silver mines and was able to produce high-quality silver coinage in vast quantities.

The Athenian Owl gained widespread use due to it's high silver content and high production. The Athenian government minted coins at a profit, building state coffers. The Athenian Owl tetradrachm would remain the dominant currency in the ancient world until Roman coinage replaced it in the 1st century B.C.

Despite many revisions, the general design remained the same. The obverse depicts the Greek goddess Athena, who represents wisdom and warfare. The ideals are portrayed in Athena’s large eyes, representing wisdom, and her crested war helmet, representing war.

The Owl appears with two-leaf olive sprig, representing olives and olive oil, the primary exports of Athens.

Crippled Pompeii man suffocated

With his skull in hand, experts believe that the man died from being suffocated by the volcanic ash that rained down on Pompeii, rather than being squashed by the rock.

The skeleton was found in an area of new excavations in 2019, close to a newly-discovered alleyway of houses with balconies.

Archaeologists discovered silver and bronze coins that he had been carrying in a leather pouch. It contained 22 coins, worth 80 sestertii, enough to sustain a family for a month.

Excavations of the ancient Roman city of Pompeii have revealed the skeleton of a man who may have been decapitated by a large stone block as he fled from the catastrophic 79 C.E. eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Possibly hampered by a bone infection, he fled through an alleyway after surviving the first ejections that rained down on the city. He was thought to met his demise when struck by a stone. His body was found at roughly the same height as the second floor of a nearby building, suggesting he ventured outside after the first phase of raining ash had settled. Lesions at the tibia suggest he was suffering from a chronic bone infection. This could have hindered his movements and stopped him leaving Pompeii when the volcano first erupted.

The crippled man was found in an alleyway above a thick layer of lapilli—debris thrown from the erupting Vesuvius. Archaeologists were excavating areas of the city which have not yet been fully explored. This is another remarkable archaeological discovery in Pompeii.

The aureus

The aureus was a gold coin of ancient Rome originally valued at 25 pure silver denarii. The aureus was regularly issued from the 1st century BC to the beginning of the 4th century AD, when it was replaced by the solidus. The aureus was about the same size as the denarius, but heavier due to the higher density of gold. Caesar began striking the coin more often, and standardized the weight at 1/40th of a Roman pound (about 8 grams).

This unique gold aureus of Augustus Caesar realized $781,675 U.S.

Augustus (29 BC – 14 AD) decreed the value of the sestertius as 1/100th of an aureus. The aureus was decreased to 1/45th of a pound (7.3 g) during the reign of Nero (54–68).

This aureus celebrates Trajan’s war against the Parthians between 114 and 117 CE. The Romans temporarily conquered important cities such as Ctesiphon and Seleucia, but these were subsequently retaken after his death. After the reign of Marcus Aurelius (161–180) the weight of the aureus fell to 1/50th of a pound (6.5 g).

The solidus was introduced by Diocletian (284–305) around 301 AD, struck at 60 to the Roman pound (5.5 g) and with an initial value equal to 1,000 denarii. The solidus was reintroduced by Constantine I (306–337) in 312 AD, permanently replacing the aureus as the gold coin of the Roman Empire. The solidus was struck at a rate of 72 to a Roman pound of pure gold, 4.5 grams of gold. Inflation was affected by the debasement of the silver denarius, which by the mid-3rd century had practically no silver left in it.

In 301, one gold aureus was worth 833 denarii; by 324, the same aureus was worth 4,350 denarii. In 337, after Constantine converted to the solidus, one solidus was worth 275,000 denarii and finally, by 356, one solidus was worth 4,600,000 denarii.

Spinosaurus, largest of all the carnivorous dinosaurs

The largest dinosaur predator that ever stalked Earth was also the strangest. Spinosaurus aegyptiacus was the largest carnivore dinosaur of all time. It measured 18 meters (50 feet) long, 4.9 to 7.7 meters (16 to 25 feet) tall and 12 tons. Spinosaurus lived in Cretaceous North Africa from 102 to 93 mya

In 2014 scientists discovered in Moroccan desert cliffs new fossil remains of Spinosaurus aegyptiacus, a monster that breaks the mold for how a dinosaur predator looked and behaved.

It was roughly 2.5 metres longer than T-rex and equally massive.

The distinctive spines of Spinosaurus, which were long extensions of the vertebrae, grew to at least 1.65 meters (5.4 ft) long and likely had skin connecting them.

Spinosaurus is the only known carnivorous dinosaur adapted for a semi-aquatic lifestyle. Spinosaurus roamed the swamps of what is now North Africa. Spinosaurus terrorized a vast North African river system from Morocco to Egypt. Spinosaurus's environment was "the most dangerous place in the history of our planet."

Spinosaurus was the undisputed king of waterways teeming with sharks and 11-metre crocodilians. Flying reptiles with wingspans of seven meters soared overhead. It may not have been very agile on land but would have taken down anything unfortunate enough to be in it's path.

Gold of Tutankhamun

In 1922, the tomb of Tutankhamun was discovered by British archaeologist Howard Carter. It was in the fall of 1917 when Carter and his sponsor, Lord Carnarvon, began excavating in earnest in the Valley of the Kings.

Carter stated there were items bearing the name Tutankhamun - a faience cup, a piece of gold foil, and a cache of funerary items, that convinced him that the tomb had not yet been found. Carter was determined to search down to the bedrock. By late 1922, Carter began his fifth and final season in the Valley of the Kings by having his workers expose the workmen's huts at the base of the tomb of Rameses VI. After exposing the huts, Carter and his workmen began to excavate the ground beneath them. By the fourth day of work, they had found something - a step that had been cut into the rock.

Work feverishly continued and 12 stairs leading downwards were revealed; and in front of them, stood the upper portion of a blocked entrance. Carter had discovered an ancient royal Egyptian tomb, one that had lain nearly undisturbed for over 3,300 years. When the boy king was found he rested inside three golden coffins. The first two were carved in wood. The coffin was first overlaid with sheet gold on a thin layer of plaster. Narrow strips of gold, placed on edge, were then soldered to the base to form cells in which small pieces of colored glass, fixed with cement, were laid.The third coffin is 296 pounds (135Kg) of gold.

The death mask is solid gold, beaten and burnished, and was placed over the head and shoulders of Tutankhamun's mummy, outside the linen bandages in which the whole body was wrapped. It weighs about 24 pounds. (10.9kg) The stripes of the headdress are made of blue glass. The vulture's head upon the brow, symbolizing sovereignty over Upper Egypt, is also solid gold, apart from the beak, which is made of horn-colored glass, and the inlay of the eyes, which is missing. By its side is the cobra, symbolizing sovereignty over Lower Egypt, its body made of solid gold, its head of dark blue faience, its eyes of gold cloisonne inlaid with translucent quartz backed with a red pigment, and its hood inlaid with carnelian, lapis lazuli, turquoise-colored glass, and quartz.

Wooden bust of the boy king.

There is speculation about the fate of the boy king who inherited the throne at 11, and who died around 1324 BC at age 19. Tests performed on 16 royal mummies found four, including Tut, had contracted a severe form of malaria that likely cut short Tut's reign -- ruling out murder or some other sickness. Research showed that Tutankhamun also had "a slightly cleft palate" and possibly a mild case of scoliosis, a medical condition in which the spine is curved from side to side. Examination of Tutankhamun's body has also revealed deformations in his left foot, caused by necrosis of bone tissue. The affliction may have forced Tutankhamun to walk with the use of a cane, many of which were found in his tomb.

A rebus pectoral scarab worn by King Tut-ankh-amun from Thebes. It symbolizes the birth of the moon and the sun and was part of the king's coronation regalia.

Gold Dagger and Sheath

King Tut's golden sandals

In 2014 new evidence suggested pharaoh King Tutankhamen was killed by a chariot that smashed his rib cage, shattered his pelvis, and crushed his internal organs, including his heart. After being sealed in his tomb in 1323 B.C. His mummified body caught fire and burned from flammable chemicals that built up in his decomposing body.